Initial Assumptions
The initial assumptions that I had about students with disabilities may be the very assumptions that negatively affect the campus environment for those students. Without an understanding of the needs of students, campuses will not be prepared to give the services that they need. Strange (2000) explains that the expanding enrollment of students with disabilities at institutions of higher education provides a challenge for not only the students with disabilities but also those who seek to include them (p. 19). Initially I sided with students with mental illness and physical disabilities, assuming that some people with learning disables tend to receive more help from services that they need. With the research I have done, I have found that these are the very assumptions that create an unwelcoming campus environment for students with disabilities. Regardless of whether or not my assumptions are true, thinking this way will only create an environment in which all students with learning disabilities may want to hide their disability and not receive the services they need. Disability is a socially constructed term that is reinforced by the physical environment, the human aggregate, and the organizational structure of the institution. These factors add up to create the overall campus culture that is either perceived as welcoming or unwelcoming. In terms of students with disabilities, it tends to stray towards the latter. The number of students with disabilities entering higher education will only continue to grow with veterans from the war returning to school, and technological, and health advancements that will allow students to go further in school. It is important to work with institutions of higher education and rid them of the negative assumptions that I carried, and work to create an inclusive environment that has the services needed by students with disabilities.General Information
For this project, I defined students with disabilities as those with a physical disability, a learning disability, and/or mental illnesses. In 1996, roughly six percent of undergraduate students reported having a disability (Hurst & Smerdon, 1996). With this number only increasing, the need to an inclusive campus environment and services is only become more important. The data of Hurst and Smerdon (1996) includes students with physical and learning disabilities with the highest percentage (29%) having learning disabilities, followed closely by physical disabilities (23%) (p. 55). The average age of people with disabilities is higher and there tend to be more services provided by public institutions rather than private. The number of students with mental illness enrolling in higher education is also on a rise (Eudaly, 2002). With only 10% reporting having a mental illness, as high as 64% of students report feeling emotionally exhausted (Eudaly, 2002, p. 2). Eudaly (2002) gave several factors for why we are seeing an increase: mental illness is more popular in the general population and advancement in pharmacological treatment is allowing more people with serious mental illness to embark on college careers (p. 2)Physical
The physical environment is the very first thing that a student interacts with upon coming to a campus. Although I believe the human aggregate and campus culture play the largest role in how welcome and included a student feels on a campus, the physical environment, especially with students that have physical disabilities, plays an essential role of feeling safe on campus. The physical environment can send symbolic non-verbal messages and can encourage or limit the interactions within an environment (Strange & Banning, 2001). Strange (2000), cites Maslow’s model of human development and motivation stating “the basic needs of all humans form a hierarchy, beginning with physical, safety, belonging and love needs, and progressing upwards towards needs of self esteem” (p. 23).The physical environment is the first step in ensuring a basic need of physical safety, especially in those with physical disabilities. However, the physical environment also plays a role in students with mental illness, and learning disabilities as well. For example, environmental accommodations for students with panic/anxiety disorders and allowing them preferential seating in a certain area of the class room and be the difference between feeling safe or out of place (Eudaly, 2002). Low (1996) explains that students with visual impairments may use landmarks to navigate an area and when these landmarks change, it can be detrimental for the student. From my personal communications with students, Kathy mentioned flyers around campus that advertised for free mental health screenings (K. Smith, email communication, November 12, 2011). Having something as simple as flyers in the physical environment gives a nonverbal message to the students that the institution cares about students with mental illness.
Human Aggregate
The human aggregate is the collective characteristics of people in an environment and the quality of a person’s experience in the environment is related to how congruent they are with the majority of the group (Strange, 2000). When an individual is in an incompatible environment they are less likely to be positively reinforced and is more likely to leave. As I stated with the physical environment, safety and inclusion is extremely important for the individual to thrive in a particular environment. According to the minority group paradigm (Jones, 1996) those who are of the numerical minority usually feel less welcome on campus. Jones (1996) explains that the social construction perspective is based on understanding that what is believed about people with disabilities is based on meanings given to disabilities by those who do not. The attitudes that are formed about the disabled by the human aggregate of the institution are what turn characteristics in to handicaps.In regards to students with physical disabilities the visible nature of the disability itself causes people that are a part of the institution to avoid interacting with them (Low, 1996). During my personal communication with Rob, I found that I was interacting with his interpreter more than I was interacting with him and he found that this was a trend with many people (R. Smith, personal communication, September 20, 2011). As I continue College Student Personnel program and through this project, I hope that I will gain tools to help me to better interact so I am more inclusive and inviting. As for the students I communicated with that had learning disabilities, there were two oppositional themes: faculty were extremely accommodating or they were unhelpful and condescending (E. Smith, email communication, October 19, 2011; L. Smith, email communication, October 19, 2011). When Eric talked to his instructors about his learning disability he stated they he felt they looked down on him (E. Smith, email communication, October 19, 2011). From that moment on Eric chose to hide his disability, which can be detrimental to the student because they are not receiving the services they need. However, Lindsey was able to be open about her disability and has been able to receive the services she needs, giving a much more positive view of her institution (L. Smith, email communication). Students with mental illness run into yet another set of unique ways that the human aggregate interacts with them. When teachers are informed about certain mental illness, they may become fearful for classroom safety, because they are misinformed (Eudaly, 2002). Learning disabilities and mental illness are often invisible and students need to prove themselves to be sick or disabled; a process that his demeaning and stressful for some students. For example, Kathy had to prove her mental illness to a teacher before she was able to make up an assignment (K. Smith, personal communication, October 19, 2011). I believe that the human aggregate is the key components in how a student with disabilities perceives the environment. If a student has a negative experience with another person in the environment, this negativity will overpower the services that the school provides. Again, disability is socially constructed, and without the human aggregate to socially construct it, the campus climate would be very different. The human aggregate is a key component to making a student feel safe and included on campus.
Organizational
A main element of the organizational structure is governance, or “structures and processes through which institutional participants interact with and influence each other and communicate with the larger environment” (Birnbaum, 1988, p. 4). Birnbaum (1998) explains that the main element of the organizational structure is governance, or “structures and processes through which institutional participants interact with and influence each other and communicate with the larger environment” (p. 4). When looking at the organizational structure of an institution, the most important aspect is to understand the institutional mission. If the institutional mission is inclusive then the rest of the services and programs will likely follow because the mission guides the decision making of the members within the institution (Barr, 2000, p. 26).The mission guides how resources within the institution are utilized, what programs are implemented, and is the guiding force in all decision making processes within the institution (Stemler, Bebell, & Sonnabend, 2010, p. 384). Wilson, Getzel, and Brown (2000) emphasized the importance of selecting a disability friendly campus. When the organizational structure chooses to emphasize the importance of programs and services geared towards students with disabilities, one would assume that the campus climate would be more supportive. However, this was found to not always be the case. Just because institutions are providing programming and services for students with disabilities, this does not mean that the human aggregate at the institution is any more inform or inviting (Wilson, Getzel, and Brown, 2000, p. 37).Campus Climate
Culture is understood as a way of thinking and behaving that is common among all that a part of that culture, and holds it together (Kuh & Whitt, 2006, p. 9-10). When I think of campus culture, especially when trying to understanding how students with disabilities perceive this environment, I believe it is influenced in most part, but the human aggregate. If the mission of the institution is inclusive to students with disabilities, organizational structure will operate under this assumption and follow suit. If an institution’s goal is to be all inclusive, the physical environment will follow. However, whether this is successful comes down to whether the human aggregate is made up of people that are accepting of students with disabilities. Strange (2000) explains that "socially constructed components reflect the subjective views of social constructions of environmental participants" (p. 22). The perceptions are what guide the behaviors of those within the environment. There are three levels of culture: artifacts, values, and basic assumptions and beliefs (Kuh & Whitt, 2006, p. 16). The third level of culture, basic assumptions and beliefs is often referred to as “the core of culture” (Kuh & Whitt, 2006, p. 23) Kuh and Whit (2006) explain that these assumptions are “learned responses to threats to institutional survival” and influence “what people think about, what they perceive to be important, how they feel about things, and what they do” (pp. 23-24). I believe that the third level is the guiding force that shapes the campus culture, and if it is accepting and understanding of students with disabilities, the other two levels will follow. According to Strange (2000), weak social climate relationship might create an unperceptive environment for anyone who requests special care and concern" (p. 25).Future Implications
A new way of understanding students with disabilities is needed in higher education. We need to challenge the assumptions upon which the current definition exists and broaden our perspectives to the experiences of those with disabilities (Jones, 1996). To better understand students with disabilities we must use a social constructivist perspective. Much of the research about students with disabilities has been done by those who do not have a disability. Upcraft and Schuh (1996) explain that environmental assessment determines and evaluates how the various elements and conditions of the college campus affect student learning and growth. It is important to continue to assess how students with disabilities perceive the campus environment and make efforts to improve their experiences. Much of the research on students with disabilities is qualitative, which can yield rich data, but cannot be quantified. Student affairs professionals must work on creating scales that are more quantifiable to reach a larger representative sample of the population (Upcraft & Schuh, 1996). Another aspect that student affairs professionals should focus on is exploring disability as a social construction rather than a characteristic of the individual. By choosing to view disabilities in that manner, it encourages inclusive theory building and values the experiences of these individuals (Jones, 1996). Through the personal communications I had with students with disabilities I was able to see the broad range of experiences each individual has. Much of these experiences were based on the interactions they had with others. These interactions will give a basis for how each student will react in a similar situation. If a student was given inclusive treatment, they will feel more comfortable asking for help in the future, but if their experience was negative they will be less likely to try to receive in the future. In the end, it is in the hands of student affairs professionals to try to understand students with disabilities through a social constructivist perspective to try to create more positive interactions, thus creating a more inclusive environment.